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HLSTOEY OF DKXTAL SURGERY 299

intended to have ligatcd to it tuetli that were to be drawn inward and the
outer band those to be drawn outwaril.
Sometimes instead of the ferrules lie used what he designated a ''true
cap" shown in Fig. (9) which was in reality a gold crown. For ligatures
he used "a thread of raw silk, waxed, or of pJatina, and twist it around the
tooth to be replaced."
Maury—of Paris (1828), in describing his method of using ligatures,
illustrates devices of bent gold wire to engage with long horizontal ligatures
and catch over the cutting edges of the teeth so as to prevent the ligatures
from slipping up and irritating the soft tissues.
Bell—of London (1839), and (1831), in his hook deprecates tiie early
extraction of deciduous teeth and approves in general of Delabarre's
writings and methods. He says that extraction should
t gsy (T 1)0 adopted only as a last resort and if we wait for
the results of normal expansion, extraction may not
^S- ^^ he necessary. lie used the alignment arch (bar) and
aury iwrt ^^^^ ligatures. His bar differs from that of his predeces-
sors in that instead of forming a smooth curve, it is "stamped to accommodate
it to all depressions and elevations of the teeth, except that opposite the irreg-
ular tooth it should stand away so as to allow the teeth to be brought into line
before coming in contact with the bar." He says the elasticity of the bar
when the tooth is ligated to it will serve as a constant force acting upon the
tooth to bring it forward. He favors the use of gold caps (crowns) upon the
molar teeth to prevent occlusion while the anterior teeth were being moved.
He thought that correction should be begun at least by the twelfth or thir-
teenth year '"aiul as much earlier as possible." His book contains ma,ny illus-
trations, including two excellent full page drawings of the jaws and teeth
in normal relation, showing the interlocking of cusps from cuspids to third
molars.
ScHANGE—of Paris, in the second edition of his book (1842), goes more
into detail and records more notable advances in practice than any of hig
pre(^ecessors. He mentions three ways of obtaining space to accommodate
irregular teeth.
1. Filing, of which ho entirely disapproves.
2. Extraction, which affords more space than is needed.
3. Enlargement of the arcli, which he considers much the best plan.
He also describes three kinds of ligatures. Hemp or linen: silk; and gold
or platinum "drawn down fine." He preferred hemp or silk because they