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HISTOEY OF DENTAL SUEGERY 267

from those mentioned; they were half teeth with phitina jiins, but more nat-
ural in shape and of a variety of shades.
"In 1833 Mr. Hogue, of Edinburgh, invented a tooth with half round tubes,
whifh prevented them from rotating on their pivots.
'"In 1836 Mr. Tieniale, of London, introduced his mineral teeth, as did also
Messrs. Ash in 1838, to whom we are indebted for teeth with gold tubes.
"Continuous-gum work has been and is now used by some.
"About 18-17 Mr. Harrington, of London, exhibited a method of compress-
ing tortoise shell into a formation for the reception of mineral teeth. He ob-
tained a patent on its use, but it was finally abandoned.
"About this time Mr. Bartlett made e.xperiments for the compression of
buffalo horn into the ri'quired form of sockets for recejition of teeth, but it
was soon discontinued.
"Mr. Truman, of London, was the first to use gutta-percha for dental plates.
"About 1857 Dr. Blandy, of America, introduced his cheoplastic work here,
hut it was not much used.
"In 1813 Mr. liandcock patented "A process for hardening a compound of
India-rubber by steam heat, and molding it into various forms for use in the
Arts, Sciences or Manufactures,' but to Mr. Goodyear we are indebted for
the idea of applying it to dental purposes, and through Dr. Putnam, of New
York, it was introduced into tliis counti-y.
"Vulcanite has been improved in color but not in quality ; it has now taken
a high place in our laboratories and is quite generally used.
"Celluloid has been used somewhat, but has generally been abandoned.
"Pivot teeth were first set with a wooden pivot, but this gave jjlace to pivots
made with tube teeth or flat teeth with gold backs and wires, the wires having
a thread cut on them : the root canal was filled with hickory, and the wire
screwed into it.
"This method gave place to metal tubes, either platina or alloy which were
fitted into the root canal and the wire pivot inserted in the tube.
"Mr. Balkwill screws a metal tube into the root canal and sets the tooth
with a split pin.
'In crowning back teeth I use the crowns of Balkwill, Bonwill, and Logan,
or an all gold crown or a porcelain faced gold crown. There are various ways
of making bridge-work, but personally 1 have not much faith in it, except for
small pieces.'"
Parreidt, of Leipzig, in 1889, says:
"An impression material composed of isinglass, madder, stearic acid, oleic
acid, and copal (Stent's composition), and also plaster, is^used for taking im-