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270 HISTOEY OF DENTAL SURGERY

possession of Professor T. W. Brophv, are described by Professor B. J. Cigrand.
Of one he says : "The piece consists of ivory, carved to fit the upper and lower
jaws. The block was carved so as to fit the alveolar ridge, and on each side a
bicuspid and two molars were carved in the same block. The anterior teeth are
human teeth fastened with gold to the ivory. Tlie carving was skillfully done;
the sulci and cusps of the molars were artifically reproduced, but the ivory
was attacked by caries similar to the effect of that disease on natural teeth.
"Another case in the hands of H. D. Justi, shows an upper partial gold plate
supplying all the teeth except the two second molars, and is a grand success.
The plate fitted the alveolar process, and slightly covered the hard palate, the
teeth were carved from the tusk of the walrus, and the gold pins whicli pene-
trated the teeth from the cutting edge through the main shaft and body, pene-
trated the gold plate and were soldered to the latter on the palatal surface:
gold clasps fitted the two natural molars, and aided in keeping the denture in
place.
"Another case shows a partial njfper and lower connected by spiral springs;
the upper denture supplied the ujiper labial teeth, while the two second molars
were still in position. The anterior six teeth were carved from bone and at-
tached with gold ; the bicuspids and molars were carved in one block which
was riveted to the gold plate; around tlie natural molars were clasped two
gold bands. The lower denture supplied the central incisors, one bicuspid on
the right, and two molars on the left side of the jaw ; the centrals were human
teeth imbedded in sockets of gold which received the roots of the substitutes.
From the centrals there was a continued bar of platinum, ending in clasps to
surround the lateral and bicuspid natural teeth. The artificial molars and
bicuspids were made of one block of bone, and lines of demarcation repre-
sented tlie divisional spaces of the teeth. There was a platinum clasp on the
natural molar on the right side."

PORCELAIN TEETH.
A "History of Dental and Oral Science in America," published in 1876,
says: "Porcelain teetli though used in France so early as 1774 were not in-
troduced into this country until 1817, when Dr. A. A. Plantou arrived in Phil-
adelphia from Paris and engaged in tlie practice of dentistry. The teeth made
in France and brought here by Plantou were of such form, color, and material
as would now be regarded with contempt. The front teeth were in shape almost
like a split bean, the labial surface being rounded and enameled, the palatal
perfectly flat. Lengthwise across this flat back was formed, before baking, a