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268 HISTORY OF DENTAL SURGERY

pressions; from the impression get a plaster model, then make dies for gold
or platinum work.
"Spence metal can be poured directly into the impression if so desired.
"Vulcanite is used as a base for artificial teeth.
"The dentist can manufacture the porcelain gam, but the teeth he pur-
chases, or gums may be represented by pink rubber.
"Incisors or c\ispids can be replaced by artificial crowns to which a pin is
attached : they are fastened into the roots ;. such pivot teeth seldom cause in-
convenience.
"When roots are missing or where a large number of teeth are inserted,
ihey are attached to a plate that covers the alveolar process, and in the upjier
jaw the palate also. To these plates clasps are sometimes attached, which
are clasped to the firm natural teeth to thus assist in retention of the plate,
but the use of clasps has been largely discontinued.
"In full cases suction plates are used ; in jjartial cases suction is not always
sufficient.
"Spiral springs may be resorted to if suction plates do not give satisfaction.
"Ten years ago celluloid was used, but time has proved that it was subject
to decomposition when worn in the moutli.
"Gold, platinum and continuous-gum arc used occasionally. Aluminum
has been used and also alloys of silver, tin, bismuth and some antimony, but
these are not satisfactory.
"Obturators and artificial palates are made of vulcanite; the impression
being taken with gutta-percha.
"For the correction of congenital cleft palate we use Suersen's obturator;
its modification by Schiltsky is also used."
Parreidt gives the technic for each and refers to Dr. Kingsley's method
wliii-h is used in the United States and England.

UXITED STATES.

In 1766 John WoofCendale came to this country from England, and while
practicing in New York constructed an u])per and under set of teeth for Wil-
liam Walton. Some believe that this was the first full set made in this country.
In 1783 he wrote about joining artificial teeth to natural roots.
James Gardette came to America from France in 1778 and practiced in
New York and Philadelphia. Probably he was the first of those times to sub-
stitute flat clasps for ligatures or wires for liolding artificial dentures. He in-
vented the "mortise plate" to which the teeth are secured by means of gold pins