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HISTOEY OF DENTAL SUEGEEY : 265

"Spiral springs are only used when all the teeth have been lost in both jaws.
"Artificial teeth may be confined in the mouth by atmospheric pressure and
capillary attraction, and lower plates on this principle should be made to reach
up on the coronoid process.
"In setting pivot teeth sometimes the root canal is filled with red cedar
with a perforation in the center, into which a metallic pivot, soldered to an
artificial tooth, is forced.
"Hollow gold tubes with screws cut on the upper extremity are used, tilliug
around tlie lower part of the tube with gold foil to hold it securely, then the
tooth is set with a compressed hickory pivot.
"When a tooth is pivoted in a root from which there is a fetid discharge,
an outlet for the escape of the matter should be provided by cutting a groove
on the side of the pivot—as recommended by Dr. L. S. Family—or by the
emploj'ment of a tubed pivot with an opening through the crown of the tooth
opposite to the pivot-hole, as proposed by Dr. E. H. Elliott; this is unscientific
but sometimes necessary.
"Wax in a box or frame is used for taking impressions, which are poured
with plaster, and afterwards dies are made.
"Dr. Elliot, of Plattsburg, X. Y., says: 'Frames should be made bv
.swaging between a model and counter model, in the same manner that a gum
plate is fitted to the mouth.'
"Partial cases have clasps soldered to them, and teeth are backed and sol-
dered to plates.
"Doulile sets of artificial teeth can be retained with spiral springs."
Fox also writes about artificial palates and obturators, gives Delabarre's
method, and advises that when recoiirse is had to mechanical means as a
substitute for the absence of any portion of the roof of the mouth or palate,
He
it should not be until after the completion of the growth of the Jaws.
describes the obturators of Ballif, Pare, Gariot and Bourdet, and also obturators
attached to artificial tcetli on plates, such as those of Fauchard.
Snell, of London, in 1823, published a work on "Artificial Vela,"' and in
1828 one on "Obturators.'"
Mr. George Parkinson, of London, made artificial vela in 1867.
"Loss of the Teeth," by Thomas Howard, of London, in 1860, shows min-
eral teeth set in soft flexible coralite gums; also a partial set of the same
material, sustained by self-adhesion or capillary attraction. Howard says
"Teeth luade of hippopotamus tusk feel congenial to the mouth, and can-
nut be distinguished by the tongue from the natural gum and teeth, and being