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263 HISTOEY OF DENTAL SURGERY
ENGLAND.

In 1600 the "Manchester Times" tells about the parson who could not
preach on the Lord's day because he had sent his artificial teeth up to London
to be repaired, and they had not been returned.
In 1709 "Stationers Hall Sheet" contained an advertisement, viz.: "Sets
of teeth set in so well as to eat withal and be worn years undiscovered. John
Watts, Operator."
In 1769 an advertisement reads: "M. Hamilton, Surgeon Dentist and
Operator for the teeth from London, cleans and beautifies the teeth and makes
artificial teeth, from a single tooth to a whole set."
Berdmore, of London, in 1770, says: "Crowns of human teeth are set on
natural roots with a pivot, or rivet, or screw.
"Teeth of bone and ivory are the most desirable.
"Ligatures for holding in artificial teeth are of silk or wire.
"Springs are used for holding full sets of teeth.
"Gum color is applied to a set of carved artificial teeth."
Fuller of London, in 1810, says:- "The construction of artificial teeth is
now brought to great simplicity and perfection. Natural teeth are pivoted on
roots. Full sets are made of human teeth on a base of bone, gold or silver.
Partial sets are held l)y ligatures of silk, or gold springs.
"When the whole of the upper teeth are gone, if the artificial piece is fitted
very accurately so as to accommodate every rising and depression of the gums,
persons often may wear such a row by its adhesion to the gums, which it will
form in a very considerable degree, when it is moist and the contact is com-
plete, hut when tliis cannot be done the teeth can be held in with springs.
"AVhen all the lower teeth are gone they do not require any fastening, as
they rest on their own proper base.
"Hippopotamus tusk is the best to carve teeth from.
"Keep your natural and artificial teeth very clean liy the use of antiseptics,
and have two sets of artificial teeth, so as to be prepared for accident."
Clark, in his book on "Natural and Artificial Teeth," published in London,
in 1826, says: "Human teeth were first used as substitutes for lost teeth;
next the teeth were made of bone and tied with ligatures. In particular cases
the sockets are formed of gold adapted to the shape of the gums, on whicli are
fastened natural teeth in front, and bone substitutes for the back teeth. Now
artificial teeth can he pivoted to stumps, or attached to the adjoining teeth, by
means of gold claws or springs, or ligatures, but they can he put in without