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HISTOEY OF DENTAL SUEGERY 363

tliese by using a fine gold spring about like a Itair contrived to go half way
around the adjacent natural teeth.''
James Snell, of Loudon, in 1832, gives a method of fastening loose natural
teeth with gold caps soldered to a gold plate which fits the back part of sev-
eral teeth.
Nicholles, of liondon, in 1834, says: "Of all kinds, the mineral teeth are
most objectionable ; human teeth or ivory are the best, and hippopotamus tusli
or gold are the l)est bases.'"
L. Charles De Loude of London, in 1840, says: "Wax is used for impres-
sions which are poured with plaster and from the cast dies are made for gold or
platina plates, or else tlie base is made of hippopotamus tusk and then the
ivory teeth are attached by rivets or screws, then holes are drilled in certain
places and ligatures put through and tied to the natural teeth; or clasps of
gold riveted to the ivory go around some natural teeth so as to keep the arti-
ficial teeth in the mouth.
"Some partial sets and some whole upper rows can be held in by atmos-
pheric pressure and capillary attraction.
"Pivot teeth are applicable to the six front teeth of the upper jaw, and
if any ])ortion of the crown is left it should be sawed off and not cut ofE with
nippers as they might split the root, then file the end of the root to suit, and
enlarge the canal and treat with silver nitrate and set with a gold pivot.
"Human teeth are generally used for pivoting, but if the dentist under-
stands the management of mineral teeth they are very much better.
"Some use hickory for pivots in place of gold or platina.
"The adoption of mineral teeth and gold plates stands pre-eminent, and
during the last twenty years these teeth liave been made witli wonderful im-
provements in France, England, and the United States of superior beauty and
durability and of every color and shade.
"Gold pivots are soldered to each mineral tooth, then they are put into
holes on the gold plates where they are soldered.
"Some mineral teeth made by Billar, of Paris, have eyes to their backs,
like the eye of a button ; tliey have a preference in working as the pivots can
all be soldered to the plate, and the teeth afterwards fitted and soldered to-
gether.
"Molars can be made of gold cither solid or hollow , and tlien soldered to
tlie plate of gold or platina, as I made some in 1836.
"For impressions I use wax in tin cups or shapes, the whole size of tlic
upper and lower jaw, or right and left, Imlf jaws and fronts.
"The impression is poured with plaster and the model is sent to a brass-