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274 HISTOEY OF DEXT^VL SUKGEEY
tal News Letter," Sept. 185'2, and Jan. 1853.) The only patent, for this work,
in the United States was issued to Dr. Jolm Allen, who, in 1851, surrendered
it, owing to certain defects, and, in .18o(j, a new one was issued to him for the
process as tlien improved. Dr. Hunter's earliest and contemporaneous experi-
ments contemplated simply a union of all the teeth by means of a fusible ce-
jnent, forming a single, continuous lilock, wliich was afterwards united to
tlie base by riveting or soldering.
Dr. C. H. Land devised a method of attachment which was in the con-
struction of the teeth which are provided with three pins arranged trans-
versely in the cervical part of the tooth, one in the center, and one upon
either side on the posterior lateral aspect of the cervix, the latter being some-
what longer than the center pin. The pins are to be crossed and pressed dowa
upon the plate and the whole united to each other and to the base with solder,
after which the continuous-gum body is applied.
The old dental journals contain the formulae of Steemer, Allen, Hunter,
Wildman and Ambler Tees.
Morris Levett's patent enamel was sold in this country in 1853.
The following named furnaces were used for baking continuous-gum : The
Philadelphia, in which anthracite coal or coke was used as fuel ; the S. S. White
used coke; the Verrier used gas aided by the blast from a foot bellows; the Land
used gas and gasoline. These old forms of ovens were uncertain and consumed
a large amount of fuel and time. They have been superseded by the electric
furnace, invented by Dr. L. E. Custer and patented in 1894. It solves the
difficulties that have attended j-jorcelain work from the beginning. The in-
vention of the electric oven marks the beginning of modern porcelain work in
dentistry : up to this time there was not an absolutely certain method of fus-
ing porcelain, but this oven made it such a simple process that there was
a revival of interest in this work. The heat being derived from an electric-
ally heated platinum wire, its purity is insured. It is without gas, noise, odor
or dirt. A committee of the American Dental Association reported as follows
concerning the origin of the electric furnace
"After a careful investigation of all evidence, we find that the first practical
and public demonstration of the electric oven for fusing porcelain for crowns,
and continuous-gum dentures occurred in the office of Dr. L. P. Haskell in
October, 1894, when Dr. L. E. Custer used an electric oven of his invention
and construction, and then and there fused a practical ease for Dr. Haskell.
We also find that Dr. Custer did fuse porcelain by electricity early in 1889,
thereby antedating any previous record on this subject."
Dr. Haskell says: "Dr. Allen issued many licenses ranging from fifty to
274 HISTOEY OF DEXT^VL SUKGEEY
tal News Letter," Sept. 185'2, and Jan. 1853.) The only patent, for this work,
in the United States was issued to Dr. Jolm Allen, who, in 1851, surrendered
it, owing to certain defects, and, in .18o(j, a new one was issued to him for the
process as tlien improved. Dr. Hunter's earliest and contemporaneous experi-
ments contemplated simply a union of all the teeth by means of a fusible ce-
jnent, forming a single, continuous lilock, wliich was afterwards united to
tlie base by riveting or soldering.
Dr. C. H. Land devised a method of attachment which was in the con-
struction of the teeth which are provided with three pins arranged trans-
versely in the cervical part of the tooth, one in the center, and one upon
either side on the posterior lateral aspect of the cervix, the latter being some-
what longer than the center pin. The pins are to be crossed and pressed dowa
upon the plate and the whole united to each other and to the base with solder,
after which the continuous-gum body is applied.
The old dental journals contain the formulae of Steemer, Allen, Hunter,
Wildman and Ambler Tees.
Morris Levett's patent enamel was sold in this country in 1853.
The following named furnaces were used for baking continuous-gum : The
Philadelphia, in which anthracite coal or coke was used as fuel ; the S. S. White
used coke; the Verrier used gas aided by the blast from a foot bellows; the Land
used gas and gasoline. These old forms of ovens were uncertain and consumed
a large amount of fuel and time. They have been superseded by the electric
furnace, invented by Dr. L. E. Custer and patented in 1894. It solves the
difficulties that have attended j-jorcelain work from the beginning. The in-
vention of the electric oven marks the beginning of modern porcelain work in
dentistry : up to this time there was not an absolutely certain method of fus-
ing porcelain, but this oven made it such a simple process that there was
a revival of interest in this work. The heat being derived from an electric-
ally heated platinum wire, its purity is insured. It is without gas, noise, odor
or dirt. A committee of the American Dental Association reported as follows
concerning the origin of the electric furnace
"After a careful investigation of all evidence, we find that the first practical
and public demonstration of the electric oven for fusing porcelain for crowns,
and continuous-gum dentures occurred in the office of Dr. L. P. Haskell in
October, 1894, when Dr. L. E. Custer used an electric oven of his invention
and construction, and then and there fused a practical ease for Dr. Haskell.
We also find that Dr. Custer did fuse porcelain by electricity early in 1889,
thereby antedating any previous record on this subject."
Dr. Haskell says: "Dr. Allen issued many licenses ranging from fifty to
