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306 world's history and

NETHERLANDS.

(kingdom.)
Area, 12,648 square miles. Population, 4,548,596.
Capital, The Hague; population, 156,497.
A law similar to that of Belgium of 1818, governed the prac-
tice of dentistry in Netherlands until 1867. After that year the
degree of Doctor of Medicine was required of all persons desir-
ing to practice dentistry. This restriction failed to cause any
progressive developments of dentistry in Netherlands, and in
1876 special courses were created for students of dentistry.
These courses of instruction were superintended by dental pro-
fessors appointed by the State, at the Universities of Amsterdam,
Utrecht and Leyden. The Board (or jury) of Examination is
composed of physicians and two professors of dentistry.
The information below, regarding dentistry in Netherlands,
and the laws pertaining thereto, we have gained through the
courtesy of Dr. C. van der Hoeven, of The Hague.
Article I. The title of Dentist gives the right to practice
dentistry by which is understood the local treatment of Diseases
of the Teeth, of the Alveoles and of the Gums.
The title is obtained by passing a practical examination, the
requirements of which are a practical knowledge of Operative
Dentistry and of the insertion of Artificial Teeth and Dentures.
Art. II. Only those who have passed the theoretical exam-
ination in dentistry are allowed to enter for the practical ex-
amination.
The examination comprises:
(a) The Anatomy of the Teeth, of the Alveoles and of the
Gums.
{b) The Physiology of those parts.
(c) The Hygiene, Pathology and Therapeutics of those parts,
including the Diagnosis of the Diseases of the Teeth, the
Alveoles and the Gums, whereof the cause is general or situated
in remote organs.
(d) The Materia Medica and Therapeutics, so far as necessary
for the prescription of local remedies for diseases of above
named organs.
[Note.—To this article is added, by the law of December 12, 1892, to go
into effect January 1, 1894, the following:
Only those who have passed the final examinations of a Latin college, with