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256 world's history and

GERMANY.

(empire.)

Area, 211,168 square miles. Population, 46,855,704.
Capital, Berlin; population, 1,574,885.
In Prussia, under the law of August 24, 1825, aspirants for the
title of dentist could not present themselves for examination,
unless they already were practicing physicians, surgeons of the
first class, or surgeons of the second class.
By an ordinance of December I, of the same year, however,
this law was modified, so that dentists became permitted to sub-
stitute the diploma of physician, or surgeon, for a certificate of
a satisfactory course in Anatomy, General and Special Surgery,
Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Clinical Surgery. The candi-
date should also have studied one year with a dentist.
Later, in 1852, by an ordinance of October 8, the medical pro-
fession became united, so that there should be only one class of
physicians, and now the requirements that persons wishing to
practice dentistry were to be obliged to be physicians also,
appeared somewhat unjust. The result was the ordinance of
September 25, 1869, which provided for special examinations for
persons desiring to become practitioners of dentistry.
According to Section 2 of this ordinance, the examination
should be passed before the same committee of examination who
examined aspirants for the medical degree, with the exception,
that to this committee should be added one dental practitioner.
The present law of Germany, governing the studies and
examinations in dentistry, dates from July 5, 1889, and reads as
follows:

Ordinances Regarding the Examinations of Dentists, En-
acted and Adopted July 5, 1889.

Section I. The authorities empowered to grant licenses to
dentists, are as follows:
1st. The Central Board of the States within the Federation,
with one or more Universities, namely, at present: The ministe-
riums of the Kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Wiirttem-
berg, the Grand Duchies of Hesse, Baden, Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
and in conjunction the Ministeriums of the Grand Duchy of
Saxony and the Saxonian Duchies;