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REVIEW OF DENTISTRY. 261

and that his credentials have been returned to him on demand.
A note in reference to the result of the examination hitherto per-
formed shall be entered on the original copy of the last univer-
sity graduating certificate.
Sec. XII. Approved physicians wishing to obtain approba-
tion as dentists are exempt from examinations mentioned in Sec-
tion IV., Nos. i and 3, and need only pass in first, third and fourth
parts of the examinations.
Sec. XIII. The fees for the entire examination amount to
70 marks, viz.: 10 marks for Part 1; 5 marks for each subdivision
of Part 2; 7.50 marks for each subdivision of Part 3; 20 marks for
Part 4, and 10 marks for sundries and official fees. In second
examinations (repetitions), there will be charged, besides the
regular fees for each part to be repeated, 3 marks; for each

subdivision of Parts 2 and 3, 1 mark, and other expenses and fees.
If one withdraws from the examination, or it is deferred, the fees
for parts not yet entered will be returned in full; minor fees in
proportion.
Sec. XIV. At the close of each term of examination (Section
III., No. 3) lists of the graduates are appended to the examina-
tion reports and presented to the Chancellor of the Empire by
the authorized Central Board of Magistrates. These reports are
returned to the Magistrates.
Sec. XV. As to the admission of the exceptions provided
for in Section VIII., Nos. 3 and 5, and in Section XL, Part 1;
also as to the dispensation of the conditions for admission, men-
tioned in Section IV., the Chancellor of the Empire gives a de-
cision, in accordance with the report of the authorized Territo-
rial Central Board of Magistrates (Section I.).
Sec. XVI. The above ordinances went into effect Novem-
ber 1, 1889.
Besides the regular dentists, there are in Germany two other
kinds of dental practitioners: der Zahnkiinstler (artistic dentist)
and der Zahntechniker (technical dentist). They are "mechan-
ical dentists," who have established themselves by reason of the
facilities accorded; and they cannot be accosted by the law, and
must therefore be said to be protected by .the law.
Relating to the older German dental practitioners there is lit-
tle to be said. The Germans were for a long time very conserva-
tive and skeptical regarding the beneficence and usefulness of
the dentist and his art, and as a rule he was not overburdened