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254 world's history and

was born 15 17, was an army surgeon, and he educated himself in
anatomical science and surgery, and was one of the first great
lights. He was successively surgeon to four kings of France, and
was attached to the French armies as Surgeon-General as late as
1569. 'To Pare,' says Sabine, we owe the revival and improve-
'
ment in surgical practice.' It was while in the army that he dis-
covered the possibility of success in transplanting teeth. His
success in his ventures proved him capable, and he turned his
attention largely to this new surgical discovery. He subsequently
constructed artificial dentures, having as bases gold and silver.
Pare exerted a great influence on the surgical and dental arts.
His extensive medical and surgical experience he published in
1562, and later, the editions having been translated into all
modern languages. In 1590, Pare died."

Among Pare's successors among the pioneers of dentistry in
France, we mention, citing the same source, Hemard, who, in
1622, manufactured ivory dentures; Petrie Torest, who, in 1602,
invented the elevator; Dupont, a Parisian dentist, who, in 1633,
advertised himself as a specialist on " Implantation of Teeth."
In 1728 Dr. Fauchard endeavored to find a substitute for
natural teeth in porcelain. He was not successful, but he had
given the " tip," and later, about 1770, an apothecary of St. Ger-
main, by the name of Duchateau* discovered " a paste, which,
when baked, became very hard." One Mr. Guerard undertook,
in 1776, to manufacture the substance, and with the aid of a dent-
ist produced a porcelain tooth.
Among other more prominent dentists of this early period, is
Professor Lafargue, who in 1805 published a book on the prac-
tice and art of dentistry. Dr. Debarre is the publisher of a vol-
ume called " Prosthetic Dentistry." Fronzi,** who was prac-
ticing in the beginning of this century, was a prominent man in
the field of Prosthetic Dentistry, and in the improvement of
enameled teeth. *
Dr. Fauchard, of France, is said to have been the first person
to refer to gold-leaf as a filling material.
Dental Schools of France are:
Ecole Dentaire de Paris, founded 1880. This school confers
the degree of D. E. D. P.—Diplome de l'Ecole Dentaire de Paris.
Ecole Dentaire de France; founded 1884. The degree given
* Items of Interest, Vol. XIII., p. 13.
** Dental Cosmos, Vol. XXIII., p. 671.