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REVIEW OF DENTISTRY. 253

be, cannot exercise their profession in France, unless they obtain
their respective diplomas according to the above provisions. A
certain limited dispensation from studies and examinations may

be granted by the Minister (of Public Instruction ) in conformity
with a resolution of the Superior Council of Public Instruction.

Sec. 7. Foreign students who apply for the diploma of Sur-
geon-Dentist are submitted to the same regulations as to the time
of studies and examinations as the French students.
Sec. 9. Doctors of medicine, surgeon dentists and midwives
are obliged, from the month of their establishment, to register at
the prefecture or sub-prefecture, and at the recorder's office of
their ward.
Sec. 10. Every year there shall be published in the departe-
me?its (provinces), through the prefects and the judicial authority,
lists with full names, residence, dates and character of diploma
of physicians, surgeon-dentists and midwives.
These lists are published in January every year, in all town-
ships in the provinces. Certified copies are transmitted to the
Ministers of the Interior, Public Instruction and Justice (Attor-
ney-General).
A personal medical register for France and the colonies is
published yearly by the Department of the Interior.
Sec. 18. Illegal exercise of dentistry is punished by a fine of
from 50 to 100 francs, and, in case of repetition of the offense, by
a fine of from ioo to 500 francs.
Sec. 19. Illegal exercise of the practice of medicine or dent-
istry, together with the usurpation of the title of Doctor or Health
Officer (officier de sante) is punished by a fine of from 1,000 to
2,000 francs, and, in case of repetition, by a fine of from 2,000 to
3,000 francs, and imprisonment from six to twelve months, or
only fine or imprisonment.
The usurpation of the title of Dentist is punished by a fine of
from 100 to 500 francs, and, in case of repetition, by a fine of
from 500 to 1,000 francs, and imprisonment from six to twelve
months, or only fine or imprisonment.
Sec. 22. Any one who practices medicine, dentistry or mid-
wifery without having registered, as prescribed in Section 9, is
fined from 25 to 100 francs.
Among the oldest dental practitioners of France we first men-
tion Ambroise Pare, familiarly called the " barber-dentist." *" He
* The Rise, Fall and Revival of Prosthetic Dentistry, by B. J. Cigrand.