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358 EXTRACTION OF TEETH.

gum is firm and dense, and would obstruct the free
passage of the forceps to the proper position on the

tooth, it is sometimes necessary to make a vertical in-
cision of the gum, even after it has been separated,
directly opposite the root. But it is in many instances
better to cut away a portion of the free margin of
the gum, in the extraction of roots that are partially
covered by it; and there is no objection to this
method in any case where it may at all facilitate the
operation ; for this portion of the gum, if let remain,
is always absorbed or sloughed away after the ex-
traction of teeth. It is also sometimes necessary

to dissect the gum somewhat from the alveolus, in
those cases in which a deep hold on the tooth or root
is required, and in which the alveolus is either cut
away or embraced by the forceps. The character and
condition of the tooth will somewhat modify the extent
to which the gum-lancet should be used.

EXTRACTION OF THE TEETH.

In the following remarks it is the design to con-
sider only those principles obviously involved in the
extraction of the teeth with forceps, and in the ex-
traction of roots with forceps, elevators, and screws.
Superior Incisors.—After an examination, the gum,
as in all cases, should be perfectly separated from the