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OPENING CHAMBERS AND CANALS 219

(C) Pulps with Apical Complications (Alveolar Abscess.)
—The putrefying material and the germs have been forced by
the expansion of the gases being formed, through the apical

foramen into the tissues of the apical space. The treatment,
in addition to that outHned above, consists in the application
of measures to relieve the conditions at the end of the root,
which will not be considered at this time, but will be reserved
for a subsequent chapter.

Technical Exercises

1. Surround the apices of the roots of the teeth on which
the pulp treatments and the exercises in canal work are to be
performed with wax, to simulate the tissues of the apical space.
Mount the teeth in plaster of Paris, molding and carving it to
a convenient size and shape for handling.

2. Establish the outline form of the cavities, remove the
decay and render slightly retentive, exposing the pulps, if not
already exposed.
3. Seal antiseptic and anodyne treatments in several

teeth.
4. Perform the operation of pulp capping on several teeth.
5. Perform the operations of arsenical devitalization and
pressure anesthesia on others.

OPENING PULP CHAMBERS AND CANALS

One or the other of the following conditions will be present.

1. The pulp has been previously anesthetized with novo-
caine or devitalized with arsenic.
2. The pulp is devital and uninfected; or in a state of
putrescence and infected with germs.
Rule I.—When cavities are present, make the approach

to the pulp chamber through the cavity.