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HISTOKY OF DE^TAL SUKGEEY 21

The Paris surgeons for redress against tliis degraded condition of their pro-
fession appealed to tlie Faculty of Medicine, toward the end of the fifteenth
century, which resulted in pennission to enjoy certain distinctions over the har-
bers upon paying an annual tribute to the Faculty of Medicine amounting to
sixteen sous. In 1505 the. barbers and pliysicians of Paris entered into a com-
pact by which, for certain considerations, the barbers were admitted as mem-
bers of the medical faculty, and their title changed to "Tonsores Chirurgici,''
instead of "Barbi-Tonsores." The surgeons galled under this domineering
of the physicians for ten years. Then they took an appeal to the University
of Paris, and secured authority to form a college of their own, with the power
of creating Masters, Bachelors, Licentiates and Doctors of Surgery. In spite
of constant trouble with the physicians, the surgeons enjoyed their independ-
ence. In 1596 they promulgated a ruli' against the barbers, compelling them to
call a surgeon in all cases of importance and to circumscribe the field of their
operations to the trivial cases. Tnder this rule the barbers probably contin-
ued to be the dentists.
During the seventeenth century tlieiv occui'red all over Europe an awaken-
ing in the direcdon of scientific investigation and experimentation. The mys-
ticism and em])iricisni of the ages gone before were being (piestioned, and
]iropositions or discovei'ies in the realms of the experimental sciences were
measured and ])roven before they were accepted. This led to the organization
of academies of i-ciences in nearly all tlie countries of Eurojae for the purpose
of brinniug into i-loser relations tlie discoveries, explorers and investigators of
tiie time. ilucJi new thouglit and original research very soon compelled men
to coiiliue themselves to smaUer areas of special work, and the be<''inninir of
what may be called the renaissance of the Egyjitian ways—a division of labors
and specialists in all professions—may thus be placed as from 1660 on.
Dentistry, as the result of this specializing in research, began to attract tlie
attention nf some medical men. and while the title ''Surgeon Dentist" was first
given in 162? to several men in France, notably Gillies, it was not fuUv estab-
lished for many years after. B. Martin, who wrote a work on the teeth iu
France in 1670, was called an a]iiitlu'caiy, ])resuiiiabiy in conleiiipt. In
Fauchard.
In Germany what may be called dentistry was not unknown in the sixteenth
century. Peter Jordan, at Mayence, ]iublislied ""a treatise upon all kinds of in-
firmities and diseases of the teeth" in 153?. This is taken largely from the
books of Galen, Avicenne Mesne, Celsus and Pliny, '"with brief and useful