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20 HISTORY OF DENTAL SUEGEEY

lists ami others ilevploped. To ]'"iillopi;i. who taught at the TTniversities of Pisa
ami at Padua, and to Eustaehi, wlio taught at Kome, the world is indebted to
the tirst consecutive and reasonahly correct description of the human teeth.
Fallopia discovered and described the dental follicle, which was further exem-
jililJeil and described by I-Custachi, who, in order to leave no room for doulit, is
said to have dissected many foetuses. He it was who tirst gave an account of
forms, structures and uses of the teeth during all periods of life.
As early as 1308 the barbers of London were incorporated into one guild
w ith the siirgeons, and the English name of barber-surgeon for several hundred
years embraced the practitioners of all special branches of surgery. The title
of "'Doctor" was invented in the twelfth century at the first establishment of
Ihe universities, and indicated a learned man in any science. William Gor-
denia was the first person upon whom the title of the Doctor of Medicine was
bestowed. He received it from the college at Asti, in Italy, in 1329, whether
in coarse ur honorarv has not been ascertained.

THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES.
These investigations and demonstrations led to greater attention to tlie
study of the diseases of the teeth, and, tlie art of printing being now available
in the dissemination of knowledge, resulted in the first published works de-
voted to the stnuture of the leeth and their diseases. Among these was one
published at Lyons, in 1581, by I"rl)an Heman, surgeon of the Cardinal
D'Armagnac. He evidences a study of comparative anatomy and sound phys-
iological observation in the statement that man must of necessity have com-
iiined all the kinds of teeth which distinguish otlier animals, since he is to feed
on all the kinds of foods on which the other animals severally subsist.
Notwithstanding the fact that many distinguished specialists in surgery
made their mark at this period—Berrenger, at Padua, in the surgical treat-
ment of the head: Ingrassias, at Palermo, in surgery of tumors; Mariano, at
Naples, in lithotomy, and Ambroise Pare, to the treatment of gun shot wounds,
which had now become a new condition in civilization's progress—and many
of the old methods of treatment ga\e way to new- ways, surgery as a whole w-as
not looked upon as a very exalted calling.
The minor operations everywhere in Europe were relegated to the care of
the barbels. Dental surgery being embraced under this head, there were no
dentists then as specialists, except in so far as the barbers cared for or removed
teeth.