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REMOVAL OF THE DENTES SAPIENTLE. 369
single-concave beaks, so formed as to embrace the
neck of the tooth, without any reference to the bifur-
cation or the number and position of the roots.
Ordinarily, the attachment of these teeth is broken
up by the inward and outward movement ; but where
a single, round, conical root is clearly indicated, the
rotary movement would be preferable, or the rotary
in conjunction with the inward and outward. These
teeth sometimes stand out of the true position, more
frequently inclining outward, as already suggested in
another place ; and the direction of the force for
their extraction will correspond with this inclination.
Sometimes these teeth are very difficult to extract;
and this difficulty is dependent on the following cir-
cumstances : first, an anterior inclination of the tooth,
so that it stands at a considerable angle with the
adjoining tooth, and in contact with its posterior
proximal surface, the posterior border of the process
being thick and firm, and extending down full on
the crown of the tooth ; and second, the existence of
several roots, with great divergence, irregularity,
and curvature. The removal of a tooth in the first
of these conditions is often a very protracted opera-
tion, fraught with much pain to the patient and con-
siderable labor to the operator. Such preparation
must be made, as will permit a free egress of the
tooth from the socket, before an effort is made, lor its