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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS AND PHRASES. 295

Ligature. Anything that binds. A cord or thread for tying blood vessels, or
for tying around the teeth.
LiGATUBES. Threads of floss or twisted silk used as aids in adjusting the rubber
dam, tying it in place, tying on matrices, etc.
Line angles. Of the teeth : Those angles formed by the junction of two sur-
faces along a line; as the mesio-buccal angle, disto-buccal angle, etc. Of cavities:
Those angles formed by the junction of two cavity walls along a line; as disto-
buccal angle or axio-gingival angle. See Sots of Line Angles.
Lines op accretion. The lines of accretion or of contemporaneous growth
seen in the enamel of the teeth. They are also known as the lines of Ketzius, the
person who first described them. See Accretion.
Lingual. Next to, or toward the tongue; as lingual surface.
Lingual cavities. Cavities beginning in the lingual surfaces of the teeth.
Lingual inclination. Said of teeth when they are inclined toward the tongue,
or of a cavity wall that inclines toward the tongue; anything inclined toward the
tongue.
Lingually. a direction toward the tongue.
Lingual surface. A surface of a tooth next to the tongue. All of the teeth
have lingual surfaces. In comparative dental anatomy these are called inner surfaces.
Linguodistal inclination. An inclination of the teeth to the lingual and
distal often seen in the lower bicuspids when a lower first molar has been lost in
childhood or youth. Anything inclined linguo-distally.
LiNGUO-GiNQlVAL FISSURE. A fissure occurring occasionally in the lingual sur-
face of the upper incisors. It usually separates the lingual lobe from one of the
marginal ridges and extends into the cementum.
LlNGUOGlNGlVAL RIDGE. A ridge near the gum on the lingual surface of the
incisors and cuspids. It is on the lingual lobe.
Lobe. A division of a tooth formed from any one of the separate points of
the beginning of calcification.
Malocclusion. An occlusion of the teeth that is not in accordance with the
usual anatomical rule, or form.
Malposed. Out of the correct or normal position.
Malposition. Any wrong position; abnormal position.
Mammelons. The three rounded prominences seen on the cutting edges of the
incisors when they first come through the gums.— Magitot.
Mandrel. A shaft or spindle in which a disk or stone is held for rotation.
Used in the dental engine.
Manudynamometek. An instrument by which the force exerted by an instru-
ment thrust may be measured. See Fig. 31, Vol. II.
Marginal lines, of a cavity. The lines of the cavity outline.
Marginal ridge. The ridges, or elevations of enamel on the margins of the
occlusal surfaces of the bicuspids and molars, and on the mesial and distal margins
of the lingual surface of the incisors and cuspids.
Massage. Systematic friction for the purpose of preventing or curing disease.
Friction of the gums with the finger, or specially designed brush, as a prophylactic
measure.
Masticate, v. To chew food. To reduce food to a pulp by trituration and
mixing with solvents, as in chewing and in the insalivation of food in the mouth.
Mastication, n. The act of chewing; the triturating of the solid foodstuffs
between the teeth, by which they are reduced to a pulpy mass. One of the functions
of the teeth.