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FLASKENG, \ULCAN1ZING AND FINISHING. 5
side wduld. li<)\\c\cr, probably 1)c at least partially filled
with sui'ijlus rubber.
Vulcanizing.— Idiat the student may understand the
eheniistry of the proeess of vulcanizing, and as an intro-
ductory U) the more general considerations of the methods
and appliances empl(\ved for that purpose, we quote as
follows, from a paper by F. A. Boeck, of Berlin, Germany,
which was translated by Dr. Louis Ottofy: "Chemistry
teaches that all ^•egetable products, such as wool, starch,
the lea\'es and sap of plants, consist of four elements
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon. In no plant, or
the product of a plant, is carbon absent, and it is mostly in
connection with hydrogen and oxygen, whereas nitrogen
is but seldom present. From these few elements nature
has produced all that earth possesses of vegetable growth,
the variety and difference being sometimes only the different
proportion of union of the elements, or the addition of a
small amount of acids, bitter substances, coloring matters,
or salts. Rubber consists only of the above elements,
namely, CH ; it belongs, therefore to the class known as
the hydrocarbons, and to that class of these in which C
predominates. It is interesting to notice here that the
change from the soft to the hard, as is the case with rubber,
is the property of all vegetable products. We know that
the change takes place by the application of heat, that
hydrogen sulphid (HS) is formed, and that the process
takes place during the exclusion of air. This process is
chemically the same as takes place in the dry distillation
of wood, in the changing- of wood into coal, and of resin
into amber. If wood is heated in the open air it burns
the same is the case with rubber, only that the latter burns
slower on account of its larger percentage of C. If wood
is, however, heated in the absence of air, as is the case in
making illuminating gas, cjuite peculiar substances are
FLASKENG, \ULCAN1ZING AND FINISHING. 5
side wduld. li<)\\c\cr, probably 1)c at least partially filled
with sui'ijlus rubber.
Vulcanizing.— Idiat the student may understand the
eheniistry of the proeess of vulcanizing, and as an intro-
ductory U) the more general considerations of the methods
and appliances empl(\ved for that purpose, we quote as
follows, from a paper by F. A. Boeck, of Berlin, Germany,
which was translated by Dr. Louis Ottofy: "Chemistry
teaches that all ^•egetable products, such as wool, starch,
the lea\'es and sap of plants, consist of four elements
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon. In no plant, or
the product of a plant, is carbon absent, and it is mostly in
connection with hydrogen and oxygen, whereas nitrogen
is but seldom present. From these few elements nature
has produced all that earth possesses of vegetable growth,
the variety and difference being sometimes only the different
proportion of union of the elements, or the addition of a
small amount of acids, bitter substances, coloring matters,
or salts. Rubber consists only of the above elements,
namely, CH ; it belongs, therefore to the class known as
the hydrocarbons, and to that class of these in which C
predominates. It is interesting to notice here that the
change from the soft to the hard, as is the case with rubber,
is the property of all vegetable products. We know that
the change takes place by the application of heat, that
hydrogen sulphid (HS) is formed, and that the process
takes place during the exclusion of air. This process is
chemically the same as takes place in the dry distillation
of wood, in the changing- of wood into coal, and of resin
into amber. If wood is heated in the open air it burns
the same is the case with rubber, only that the latter burns
slower on account of its larger percentage of C. If wood
is, however, heated in the absence of air, as is the case in
making illuminating gas, cjuite peculiar substances are
