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HISTORY OF DENTAL SURGERY 405

new colleges arose: the Xorthside Dental College and Inflnnary, the North
American College of Dental Surgery and the Northern College of Dental
Surgery. In 1895 the National College of Dental and Oral Surgery came
into existence. In 1896 the Standard Dental College was organized. In 1897
the Institutium Dentale Columbianum was created and in 1898 the Inter-
national College of Dental Surgery came into life. The American University
of Medicine and Dentistry was chartered in 1901, as was also the Chicago
Post Graduate School of Prosthetic Dentistry and the Prairie State College
of Dental Surgery.
The year 1903 seems to have been the last year of prolific development
in dental educational institutions in the state of Illinois. There were
organized in that year the American Post Graduate College of Dentistry,
the Haskell Dental College of America, the Haskell Post Graduate Scliool
of Prosthetic Dentistry and the Union Dental College.
Many of these schools were chartered for purely business purposes. The
moral effect of the campaign waged against diploma factories seems to have
become effective from this time on. No attempt to charter a dental school
has been made in Illinois for seven years, and the records in the secretary of
state's office in Springfield show that in 1902, seventeen charters of the
institutions named were cancelled. In 1903, three of these charters ceased
to exist, in 1904 another expired, as did also one in 1905. Out of this
^rultitude of dental school creations there are now only three under-graduate
lental schools actively in operation.
It is believed that the mania for organizing dental colleges was greater
In Chicago and Illinois than in any other portion of the world. The fact
that under the statutes only reputably condvicted dental schools could liave
their diplomas recognized as valid by dental boards, very soon influenced
the cessation from active operation of spurious schools, and the discrediting
of diplomas issued them by dental boards destroyed the value of most
of these dental charters. In several instances, however, the charters were
surrendered by reason of the consolidation of some of the schools with the
schools now in existence.
The educational conditions and struggles of development were so correctly
and fairly stated by the late Dr. W. D. Miller, of Berlin, in a monograph
uTitten and published by him in 1901, that although much progress has since
then been made in this matter, his views and words are here in part re-
produced :
In America the final separation of the dental from the medical profession was only
completed in the year 1851. In 1839 a college was founded in Baltimore, which was