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286 HISTOEY OF DEXTAL SURGERY

history of crown and bridge-work of later years is one of progress and im-
provement. Our research in prosthesis has developed the fact that methods
once in vogue and almost entirely forgotten have been revived with improve-
ments that make them practically rediscoveries.
Judged impartially, bridge-work has many advantages when practiced by
experts wlio properly construct and apply it. Without doubt it has been
abused. Bridges have been inserted where tlie support was insufficient, or the
construction was MTong in principle or faulty from lack of skill. More than
this, bridge-work lias been passing through the experimental period, when
failures are apt to appear more prominently than successes. Dental literature
in this respect offers only a repetition of the historical difficulties that at-
tend all new departures in the arts. (Dr. George Evans in 1900.)
Bridges were made and described by the following men: J. B. Gariot,
.1805; C. F. Delabarre, 1820; Dr. S. S. Fitch, 1829; William Imrie, 1834;
J. Paterson Clark, 1836; F. Maury, 1834, and in 1855 Dr. W. H. Dwindle
described the progenitor of the modern pin and plate bridge, together with the
prototype of another fomi of bridge in present use.
The following data are taken from a paper on "Phases of Crown and Bridge
Work," read by Dr. AY. Storer How before the National Dental Association in
1905.
Tliis illustrated paper shows tlie progressive devices so begun and combined
that the expert dentist of today and the future, may readily utilize, partially
or completely, these ingenious practical prosthetic products of his predecessoi's.
In 1SG9 Dr. B. J. Bing originated the pier, span and stop bridge. While
in Paris, in ISTl, he applied for a patent on the above in England.
In 1873 and 18T9, Dr. M. H. AVebb adopted the Bing plan, and also made
other special bridges.
In 1880 Dr. W. F. Litcli nunle wing-plate and pier-post, or pin-plate.
In 1881 Dr. H. C. Register made a die-struck saddle with soldered stops
and screw-with-nut posts.
In 1882 Dr. H. M. Cryer made the backed and soldered two-stop saddle
and pier-post.
In 1881 Dr. J. Leon Williams made a Bing-stop, two-substitute and cap-
crown bridge, and a crown consisting of a post, root-cap of gold and a porcelain
face, similar to the Richmond crown.
In 1885 Dr. J. L. Williams made a collared-hood, three substitute span,
bridge, a cap-crown bridge, and also a Bing-stop, wing-end, coupling-bar Rich-
mond bridge.