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324 world's history and

8. Operations on the Teeth and Other Parts of the Mouth
affected by Diseased Teeth. (34 questions.)
9. Theoretical and Practical Knowledge of Prosthetic Den-
tistry and Appliances for Replacing Diseased and Lost Parts of
the Mouth. (49 questions.)
10. Physics. ( 16 questions.)
11. Chemistry. (31 questions.)

SWEDEN.

(kingdom.)
Area, 170,979 square miles. Population, 4,774,409.
Capital, Stockholm; population, 243,500.
In Sweaen, dentistry, with all that the term implies, can not
be said to have existed until about 1840 or 1850. Before that
time, when the practice of the profession consisted chiefly in ex-
c
tracting damaged teeth or in ^rting artificial teeth, the dentists
were principally foreigners travelling in that capacity, especially
Frenchmen. Besides, operations on the teeth, in the past, were

performed by physicians and surgeons, who enjoyed the sole
privilege of such practice.
When the dental art was first introduced in Sweden, it was re-
garded more in the light of a trade than as a learned profession,
judging by the laws of June 18, 1861. Section 9 of this Code is
especially noticeable in that particular. According to its provis-
ions, any person practicing dentistry, not legally entitled to such
privilege, " shall be fined for illegally working at a trade, as the
law in such cases has made and provided." At this writing, how-
ever, dentistry has not attained the rank to which it is truly
entitled, namely, a part of the general practice of medicine and
surgery. It would be desirable that instruction in the dental art
be assigned to a medical institution, whereby the study could be
pursued conjointly to the benefit of all concerned.
As we have mentioned before, the operations in dentistry
were, in times past done by physicians and surgeons, but also by
barbers and bagnio-keepers. The travelling dentists performed
some prosthetic work, which they carved out of bone (hippopota-
mus bone and ivory), before the invention of the modern artificial