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370 HISTORY OF DEXTAL SURGERY

hospitals. Bimon's work, published in 1746, contains the first dental phar-
macopoeia. E.xcepting an anonymous publication, "Curious Observations On
Tliat Part Of Cliirurgevy Relating To the Teeth," publislied at London in
JG87, tlie work of Joseph Hurloek, "A Practical Treatise Upon Dentition, or
the Breeding Of Teeth In Children,'' in which he discusses the serious influ-
ence of seasons upon dentition, published in London, in 1743, is the first con-
tribution from pjigland to dental litei-aturc.
At Paris, in 1746, Mouton published a monograph, "A Dissertation Upon
Artificial Teeth," where gold crowns are first mentioned for the arrest of the
ultimate destruction of teeth. To imitate the natural ones in the front part
of the mouth, the crowns were enameled. He introduced the clasp for retain-
ing artificial teeth, thus supplanting tjie ligature.
Lecluse, in his writings, published at Paris in 1750-1754-175.5, describes
a variety of dental instruments, among them the elevator which l)ears his name.
He also describes the germ of exery tooth as enclosed in an extremely vascular
membrane.
In 1756, Philip PfafP, dentist to Frederick the Great, published at Berlin
a treatise on "Odontology," when for the first time mention is made of waz
impressions and plaster models.
Bourdet, in 1757, published at Paris, "Researches and Observations, upon
all Divisions of Dentistry," in a work of two volumes. Some of Jourdain's
contributions to our literature also appeared about this time.
The year 1768 marks the appearance of the first important English pub-
lication, "A Treatise on the Disorders and Deformities of the Teeth and Gums,"
])y Thomas Berdmore, surgeon-dentist to his majesty, followed by editions in
1769 and 1770. As this author is said to have Ijcen the preceptor of Robert
"\Yooffendale, tlie first practicing dentist in America, his work deserves more
than a passing mention.
He observes, in liis preface, "that no instructions are to be derived from
})revious writers in liis country on tlie subject, and he had endeavored to collect
from predecessors in business, and from practice, whatever he thought con-
ducive' to its advancement." His work is divided into three parts: (1) A
description of the teeth, in which he designates the neck of a tootli as the
"collar ;" all posterior to the cuspids are called molars ; the fifth molars he
calls the wisdom or "wise" teeth; (2) Diseases of teeth and contiguous parts;
(3) Means that prevent disorders of the teeth.
He condemns the practice of burning the ear with a hot iron, the virtues
of the loadstone, and certain charms and incantations as cures for toothache.