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HISTORY OF DENTAL SURGERY 313

ances has been clipcnssed for many years, with tlie great bulk of opinion
strongly favoring the latter. Dr. Jackson has consistently held from the first
that the removable appliance is the only one that can assure cleanliness and
freedom from tooth-injury and that in the case of retaining appliances these
features are of the utmost importance. In 1904, Dr. Jackson published his
book, entitled "Orthodontia,"' containing a full exposition of his system and
methods from the beginning of his work down to the date of publication.
The "American System of Dentistry,"' published in 1887, contained a
chapter on "Orthodontia"' prepared by S. H. Guilford. Covering some fifty
pages, it treated the subject more comprehensively than had yet been done bv
any writer in the United States except Dr. Kingsley. While it described and
illustrated some appliances that were original with the writer, very full de-
scriptions were given of the various systems of regulating which up to tiuti,
time had been brought to the attention of the profession. It also contained a
formulated set of rules governing the application of force, and another set
by which to determine whether or not extraction sjiould be resorted to in cases
presented for treatment. At the request of the National Association of Dental
Faculties, Dr. Guilford prepared a text book on "Orthodontia" for use in the
schools of the association and published it in 1889. It was intended for the
student rather than the practitioner, and with that in view the matter was
arranged in jirogressive form, leading from the simplest beginnings up to the
]>ractical treatment of the most difficult cases. It was adopted by most of the
schools of the association for use in their institutions and was the first text-
book upon the subject ever jniblished. Successive editions followed in 1893,
1898 and 19(l.''>, each one including the principal advancements made in the
science between the issue of the editions.
Before the Ninth International Medical Congress Section of Dental and
Oral Surgery, held in Wasliington, D. ('. in 1887, several papers were read
on the Correction of Dental Irregularities, among them one liy E. H. Angli-';,
entitled "Notes on Orthodontia."
After discussing the importance of operations for irregularity, the princi-
jiles involved and the movements to lie produced, the writer presented "a few
simple appliances for accomplishing the diff'erent movements of the teeth and
retaining them when in desired position." These appliances were "a snwll
jack-screw" made of Stubhs steel wire, "a traction screw" made of the same
material, and a "rotating appliance,"' the latter being composed of a platinum
Magill liand to lie cemented to the malposed tooth, with a metal tube soldered
horizontally to its face intu wliicli was fitted a length of fine piano wire to act