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118 HISTORY OF DENTAL SURGERY ;

Liberty and independence had been the battle cry of tlie people in other mat-
ters, and it is, therefore, not strange that liberty in experimentation, accom-
panied sometimes by empiric daring, should have led men, and associations
of men, to establish an independence in thought, investigation and action.
To the fathers of dentistry whom we have already mentioned in the
United States might be added a galaxy of other names such as Charles Hay-
den, Edward Maynard and James S. Gunnell, of Washington, D. C. ; F. H.
Clark, Oliver Holmes and Enoch Noye.s, of Baltimore; D. Monafeldt, J. A.
Cleveland and B. A. Rodriguez, of Charleston, S. C. ; Samuel Averj' and
L. S. Parmly of New Orleans, La. ; Ludolph Parmly, of Mobile, Ala. ; J. D.
McCabe and F. B. Chewning, of Richmond, Va. ; Drs. Fisher and Sumner of
Providence, R. L; W. R. Scott, of Raleigh, N. C. ; 0. P. Laird, of Columbus,
Ga. ; Elbridge Bacon, Daniel Harwood, Josliua Tucker, Dr. Greenwood and
Solomon Keep, of Boston, Mass. ; S. P. Miller, of Worcester, Mass. ; Jahial
Parmly and A. B. Hayden, of Savannah, Ga. ; M. K. Bridges, of Brooklyn,
N. Y. ; Eleazar Parmly, Elisha Baker, .lohn Lovejoy, Joseph N. Foster, J.
Smith Dodge and Solyman Brown, of Xew York ; H. N. Fenn, of Rochester,
N. Y. ; S. Blanding, of Columbia, S. C. ; Edward Taylor, of Maysville, Ky.
Vernon Cuyler, of Hartford, Conn. ; Elisha Townsend, J. Mcllhany, Lewis
Roper, Daniel Harrington and E. B. Gardette, of Philadelphia.
At the same time there labored in Europe, Robert Nasmyth and David
Wemyss Jobson, of Edinburg; Samuel Cartwright, Alexander Nasmyth,
John T. Edmonds and Thomas Bell, of London ; James McPherson, of Glas-
gow ; G. S. Brewster, C. F. Delabarre and Mons. Le Maire, of Paris ; A. G.
Becht, of The Hague; E. Gidney, of Manchester, England, and many others.
To these were added in Europe about that time and since such investi-
gators as Leber and Rottenstein and Carl Wedl in Germany and Austria John
;
Tomes in England : Magitot in France, and many others whom there is not
room to name in detail in this place. We cannot, however, close this chapter
without calling attention to the fact that shortly after the institution of the
first two dental colleges in the United States, John Tomes instituted a course
of lectures on dental physiology and surgery at Middlesex Hospital School
of Medicine, which lectures were published in book form in 1848. They
were first delivered in 1813, and their publication in serial form commenced
in that year and was completed in 1847.