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103 HISTOEY OF DENTAL SUKGERY

land and Jefferson College of Philadelphia, which conferred upon him their
honorary medical degrees. In 1825, the University of Maryland invited him
to deliver a course of dental lectures to its medical class. In 1839, he, in'
conjunction with others, petitioned the Legislature of Maryland for the
establishment of a college for the education of dentists, of which the Faculty
was to consist in part of medical and in part of dental practitioners. When
this school, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, was established, he
accepted the cliair of dental physiology and pathology, having then arrived at
the age of seventy. In 1810, when the American Society of Dental Surgeons
was formed, he became the first president, and was annually reelected until,
on January 20, 1841, death discontinued his nuiterial career.

.JOHN RAXDAI.L.
John Randall was born in ITTS. He graduated at Harvard in 1803,
then studied medicine v>'ith Dr. .John Jeffries of Boston, and practiced both
medicine and dentistry in 180.5. His attention was drawn to dentistry
somewhat in the same way as Dr. Hayden's. While still at Harvard College,
he was forced to consult a dentist on account of some trouble with his teeth,
but was frankly told by the practitioner to whom he applied that he could
not do anything to preserve his teeth, as it was his business to put in new
teeth. Tliis is said to have rather startled young Randall, and led him to
a search for broader dental knowledge. He began to study with a view of
remedying diseases of the teeth without the necessity of their extraction. For
a number of years he gave only a portion of his time to dentistry, as he looked
upon medicine as his real profession. He used tlie key with great skill and
tlie forceps long before they were generally known or adopted. He died in
1813.

LEONARD KOECKER.
Leonard Koecker was born in Bremen, Germany, in 178.5. While still
a lad he became much interested in an itinerant Jew dentist and his instru-
ments. Koecker was then engaged in mercantile business. He came to the
United States in that capacity, in which he was successful, and about the
year 1807 began the practice of dentistry in Philadelphia without any
knowledge of, or special training for, its full responsibilities. He was possessed
of exhaustless energy, inborn ability and quick perception, which, notwith-
standing his great disadvantage at the outset, enabled him to build up a suc-
cessful jiractice and a growing reputation. This was not without its financial