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226 THIRD PERIOD—MODERN TIMES
have taken the new nose for a natural one, not only from its normal
appearance, but also because the scar was hardly visible. Fabricius
Hildanus, having had occasion to see and examine the patient several
times, even up to twenty-one years after the operation, was able to testify
to the perfect condition of the nose; in the extreme cold of the winter,
however, it was apt to become livid at the point. He does not describe
the operative process followed by Griffon, but merely says that the first
inventor of this operation was Gaspare Tagliacozzi, of the University
of Bologna, and that Griffon had undertaken the reproduction of the same
from his own conception of it, based on the information imparted to him in
conversation, by an Italian who had been operated upon by Tagliacozzi.
JoHANN ScHULTES (1595 to 1645), a physician in Ulm, was the author
of a very important work entitled /irmamentariuiH chinirg/ciini, in which
are given plates and descriptions of almost all the surgical instruments
that had been in use up to that date. As to the part relating to dental
and oral surgery, we find the following instruments named in this work:
1. Several kinds of pelicans; an instrument which was so called from
its resemblance to the beak of the bird of the same name, and used for
extracting the molar teeth.
2. The common dental forceps, then named cagnolo by the Italians,
because of the supposed likeness to a dog's muzzle.
3. The crow's beak forceps (rostrum corviuum), designed for the
extraction of dental roots, and, therefore, corresponding to the rhizagra
of Celsus.
4. Two special dental forceps, or dentidiices, for the removal of teeth
which could not be extracted either with the pelican or with the common
dental forceps.
Bifid and trifid elevators {vectes bifidi et trifidi), to be used for the
5.
extracting of incisors and canine teeth, as well as roots.
6. Dentiscalpia for detaching the gum from the tooth before proceeding
to extract it, in order that this may be the more easily accomplished and
with less danger.
7. A silver funnel or cannula {iiifundibidiim sen fistula argentea),
for nourishing patients affected with trismus, by conveying liquid food
into the fauces, through the free space behind the last molars.
8. Forceps more or less like in form to the beak of the parrot or the
vulture (rostrum psittacinum et vulturirnuri), for the removal or resection
of teeth that have grown in abnormal positions.
9. A screw dilator (dilatatorium cum cochlea), for gradually opening
the dental arches in cases of spasmodic constriction of the jaws.^

Joaiiiiis Sculttti, chinirgiciim,
' Ulmensis, armamentarium Fraiicofurti, 1666, Plates
X, XI, XII, XXXIl.