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With the revival of learning and letters in the xivth,
xvth, and xvith centuries, this subject became an object of
attention with the learned, and obtained the notice of Fal-
opius, Eustachius, and Ambrose Pare. The latter described
the manner of replacing the teeth, and the use of obturateurs.
Eustachius published the first edition of his Opusculum de
Dentibus in the year 1563 ;* which appears to be the first
work of consequence upon this subject, of which any ac-
count has ever reached us.f
Urbain Hemard,J published a work entitled, Researches
upon the true Anatomy of the Teeth, their nature, and prop-
erties, with an account of those diseases to which they are
subject, at Lyons, by Benoit Rigaud, in 1582. " These
Researches," says Fauchard, " which are very good and
useful, plainly evince that this surgeon had read the
Greek and Latin Authors, whose writings he has judicious-
ly incorporated into his own work." Mr. Blake calls
Urbain Hemard an ingenuous surgeon and a great man.||
Mr. Audebran observes that, " he was the first to unite in
" a body those precepts upon the teeth, which before had
not been well considered." He was surgeon to the Cardi-
nal Georges of Armignac. The next work upon this subject
was published by Benjamin Martin ; printed in Paris by
Thiery, in the year 1679, entitled, " A dissertation upon
the teeth," forming a small volume, in 12mo. of 136 pages.
In which he treats of the nature of the teeth, their sensibility,
their development, diseases, &c. &c. ; but does not de-
scribe those methods by which they are preserved and ren-
dered healthy. He was apothecary to one of the French
princes.

* Ruff a German. Wurtzburgh, 1548. t Blake, pa°;e 4.
t Fauchard, Preface, page 10. || Page 6—32.